A systematic performance comparison of two Smooth Pursuit detection algorithms in Virtual Reality depending on target number, distance, and movement patterns

  • Sarah Christin Freytag Institute for Psychology and Ergonomics, TU Berlin, Berlin Germany
  • Roland Zechner Institute for Psychology and Ergonomics, TU Berlin, Berlin Germany
  • Michelle Kamps Institute for Psychology and Ergonomics, TU Berlin, Berlin Germany
Keywords: Eye movement, Eye Tracking, Smooth Pursuit, VR, virtual reality, correlation-based algorithm, vector-angle based algorithm

Abstract

We compared the performance of two smooth-pursuit-based object selection algorithms in Virtual Reality (VR). To assess the best algorithm for a range of configurations, we systematically varied the number of targets to choose from, their distance, and their movement pattern (linear and circular).  Performance was operationalized as the ratio of hits, misses and non-detections.  Averaged over all distances, the correlation-based algorithm performed better for circular movement patterns compared to linear ones (F(1,11) = 24.27, p < .001, η² = .29). This was not found for the difference-based algorithm (F(1,11) = 0.98, p = .344, η² = .01). Both algorithms performed better in close distances compared to larger ones (F(1,11) = 190.77, p < .001, η² = .75 correlation-based, and  F(1,11) = 148.20, p < .001, η² = .42, difference-based). An interaction effect for distance x movement emerged. After systematically varying the number of targets, these results could be replicated, with a slightly smaller effect.

Based on performance levels, we introduce the concept of an optimal threshold algorithm, suggesting the best detection algorithm for the individual target configuration. Learnings of adding the third dimension to the detection algorithms and the role of distractors are discussed and suggestions for future research added.

Published
2023-05-29
How to Cite
Freytag, S. C., Zechner, R., & Kamps, M. (2023). A systematic performance comparison of two Smooth Pursuit detection algorithms in Virtual Reality depending on target number, distance, and movement patterns. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.15.3.9
Section
Special thematic issue " Virtual Reality & Eye Tracking"